Since the 1960s, African political powers are looking for ways and means to develop their continent. Therefore, they intend to promote good governance. For us, the development of Africa inevitably involves fighting against social inequalities and exclusion which continue to widen. But what is social inequality? How to identify it? The definition of inequality goes through the definition of social equality. By scrutinizing the conceptions of R. Dworkin (inequality of resources) and J. Rawls (inequality of primary goods), we believe that the real inequality is the inequality of capabilities. Hence our interests in Amartya Sen's capabilities approach. Thus, we suppose that the best way to fight against social inequalities and social exclusion is to equalize capabilities through good political governance and human development.