After having revisited the concept of authorship and analyzed the highly polyphonic and multicultural vocation of the francophone discourse, this work, focusing on three geographical areas (Brittany, Québec, Sub-Saharian Africa) and three authors (Pierre-Jakez Hélias, Félix Leclerc and Cheikh Hamidou Kane), examines the tension between the moral duty of belonging to a minority culture and the universality of the literary project.<br />First, a study of Pierre-Jakez Hélias shows the underexamined biculturalism of some French populations and the uneasy identity of the author in a “French Francophone” context. Then, through Felix Leclerc 's writings, I question the Quebecois author's wor k, whose troubling ambiguity is not entirely accounted for by the myth of a bipolar opposition between English and French. Finally, with the study of potential identities in Kane's novels, I discuss the evidence of a homogeneous black African identity, in order to better assess the relevance of a manifold reading of African cultures in literature. <br />Ultimately, this work demonstrates that Francophone authors are ethically free to overcome biological constraints so their work can bear the hallmark of an assumed “alterculturality”.